TVORBA SUŠINY POHANKY SETÉ (Fagopyrum es-culentum Moench) A PROSA SETÉHO (Panicum milia-ceum)

Tvorba sušiny pohanky seté (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) a prosa setého (Panicum miliaceum)

Formation of dry matter by buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and proso millet (Panicum miliaceum )

Jana Kalinová, Jan Moudrý

University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Agriculture

Summary

In 1998 and 1999 seven varieties of buckwheat and seven varieties of proso millet were grown on plots in České Budějovice. Yield and dry matter formation in individual part of plants was investigated. Buckwheat have got very quick initial increase of overground biomass in comparison with proso millet. No significant differences were found in formation of dry matter among varieties. Ecological conditions had got significant effect on formation of dry matter, and they influenced of fertilization efficacy. Proso millet had higher yield of grains when it had formed higher dry matter of biomass and buckwheat had higher yield of grains when it had formed earlier maximum dry matter content of biomasses.

Key words: buckwheat, proso millet, varieties, yields of dry matter

Abstract

V roce 1998 a 1999 bylo na stanovišti v Českých Budějovicích pěstováno 7 odrůd pohanky seté a sedm odrůd prosa setého, u kterých byla sledována tvorba sušiny jednotlivých částí rostlin a výnos. Pohanka vykazovala oproti prosu velmi rychlý počáteční nárůst nadzemní biomasy. Mezi odrůdami nebyl patrný výrazný rozdíl. Na tvorbu sušiny biomasy měly významný vliv ekologické podmínky , které ovlivňovaly i účinnost aplikovaného hnojení. U prosa byl dosažen vyšší výnos v případě dosažení vyšší sušiny biomasy, u pohanky spíše při časnějším vytvoření sušiny biomasy.

Klíčová slova: pohanka setá, proso seté, odrůdy, výnosy sušiny

Introduction

Buckwheat and proso millet demand and consumption have recently been growing particular in Europe. It is due to dietetic qualities of their seeds (Eggum et al. 1981, Dendy 1995). Proso millet could be used as energy crop (Frydrych 1999). Dynamic of aboveground biomass formation and distribution of dry matter is in context with yield of grain. It is especially important adequate development of assimilate apparatus and root`s system in vegetative period and high increase of dry matter in generative period (Petr a kol. 1980)

Material and methods

In 1998 and 1999 seven varieties of buckwheat and seven varieties of proso millet were grown in four repeated cycles on plots in České Budějovice (380 m a.s.l., sand-loam brown soil gleyficated).

Tab. 1: Basic meteorological data during the years 1998 to 1999

Tab. 2 Characteristic of varieties

Seeds of buckwheat were sown in 12.5 cm wide lines, growth density was 200 plants.m.-2, with two fertilization regimes (0 and 50 kg .ha-1 of nitrogen). Seeds of proso millet were sown in 25 cm wide lines, growth density was 250 plants.m.-2, with two fertilization regimes (0 and 50 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen) During vegetation period there was no mechanical or chemical treatment of the growths. 30 plants after10 days intervals during vegetation period was sampled for analysis. 10 typical plants selected from these 30 plants was investigated formation of dry matter in individual part of plants.

Results and discussion

Maximum dry matter was aimed by buckwheat in stems and inflorescence in rippening period (71-92. day), for leaves in the beginning of flowering (31-44 den) and for roots in full of flowering (44 -56. day). Max. dry matter was aimed by proso millet in stems, leaves and roots in period of flowering (62-67. day) and in inflorescence before harvest. Dry matter was reduce especially in nonfertilization variants in full maturity period of grains. Petr et al. (1980) reported the same results by cereals. Leaves of buckwheat composed 10% from total dry matter in formation grain period, stems 60%, roots 10 % and inflorescence 20 %. Leaves of proso millet composed 40% from total dry matter in period of grain formation, stems 25%, roots 15% and inflorescence 40 %. During whole vegetation period buckwheat had the highest part of dry matter in stems, but the high content of dry matter by proso millet was first of all in leaves and then in the inflorescence after begining of ripenning. Only proso millet variety Veselopodolianskoe had after flowering higher increasing of dry matter then the other varieties. Variety Emka had the higher content of dry matter of biomass in buckwheat. This was the only one tetraploid from chosen varieties. By these varieties was recorded the highest yield too.

Influence of ecology conditions (soil and weather) was evident for dry matter formation of roots, leaves, stems and inflorescence on both growth. Ecological conditions modifical curve of formation dry matter of aboveground biomass in relation the time. In 1999 increasing of dry matter aboverground biomass started early then 1998 in both crops. It was caused by precipitation in May. There was higher level of dry matter in both crops in all parts of plants in 1999. Negative effect of precipitation was manifested in the end of the vegetation. Precipitation caused formation of new flowers, leaves, branches and roots.

Fertilized variants of buckwheat and proso millet had got higher dry matter content of inflorescence and stems in 1998 in comparison with 1999, and dry matter wasn´t reduced before harvest. There was not significant different among variants of fertilization in formation of dry matter and yield of grains (buckwheat 1,18 a 1,05 kg.ha-1, proso millet 1,88 a 1,86 kg.ha-1). We could agree with Noworolnik (1995), that fertilization depends on precipitation and soil conditions .

Conclusion

Buckwheat have got very quick initial increase of overground biomass in comparison with proso millet. No significant differences were found in formation of dry matter among varieties. Ecological conditions had got significant effect on formation of dry matter, and they influenced of fertilization efficacy. Proso millet had higher yield of grains when it had formed higher dry matter of biomass and buckwheat had higher yield of grains when it had formed earlier maximum dry matter content of

The contribution is output of Project GAČR 521/97/0052 and of Research Objective J06/98:122200002/2.

References

Dendy, D.A.V., 1995 : Sorghum and Millets. 407

Eggum, B. O., Kreft, I., Javornik B.,1981: Chemical composition and protein quality of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), Qual .Plant. Foods Hum.Nur. 30, 175-179

Frydrych, J., 1999: Trávy jako náhrada spontánních úhorů v marginálních oblastech. Úroda 6/99, 26-27

Noworolnik, K.: Nitrogen Fertilization Efficiency of Buckwheat Grown at Various Soiil Conditions. Current Advances in Buckwheat Research,1995 : 601 - 604

Petr, J., Černý, V., Hruška,L. , 1980: Tvorba výnosu hlavních polních plodin.Praha. 447